Both reactors at the San Onofre nuclear power plant in California are being retired due to the lengthy and uncertain regulation surrounding their return to service.
German carbon dioxide emissions rose slightly in 2012 as the replacement of politically closed nuclear generation cost the country the opportunity to reduce emissions to a record low.
An energy crisis has triggered mass demonstrations, the resignation of the Bulgarian government and cyber attacks on electricity distributor CEZ. A long-running failure to maintain generating capacity underlies the country's problems.